Mineralogical and geochemical investigations indicate two general stages of skarnification i.e, PROGRADE and retrograde stages in the Mohammad-Abad district, south west of Yazd province. Metasomatic skarn (PROGRADE stage) occurred with precipitation of anhydrous calc-silicate mineral assemblages (andradite and diopside-hedenbergite) within the temperature ranges of 470 to 550oC. During the retrograde stage (<470oC) considerable amounts of anhydrous calc-silicates were altered and replaced by a series of hydrous calc-silicates (epidote, tremolite–actinolite). Finally, both anhydrous and hydrous calc-silicates were altered to fine aggregates of chlorite, calcite, quartz and clay minerals at temperatures lower than 300 oC. The absence of wollastonite among the calc-silicate assemblages may suggest that andradite and hedenbergite were crystallized from metasomatizing fluids at lower than 550 oC in the Mohammad-Abad skarn. The presence of intergrowth texture and non-replacive crystal boundaries between garnets and pyroxenes suggest that they were formed contemporaneously within the temperature and fO2 ranges of 430–550oC and 10-26–10-23, respectively. Andradite converted to quartz, calcite and magnetite below 470 oC and fO2=10-24–10-21. Since, both magnetite and pyrite along with quartz and calcite are present in mineral assemblages of sub-stage III, it can be reasoned that the metasomatizing fluids probably had an approximate fS2 10-6.5 and a temperature of about 430 oC.

Kamtal skarn is located 15 km northeast of Kharvana, East-Azarbaijan. A quartz-monzonitic stock of Oligocene age intruded the upper Cretaceous sedimentary sequence (claystone, limestone, marl, and siltstone) developing noticeable metamorphic (marble, hornfels) and metasomatic (skarn) ALTERATION zones along the contact. Kamtal skarn is of calcic type and consists of both endoskarn and exoskarn zones.Exoskarn includes two zones of garnet skarn and epidote skarn. Skarnification processes are divided mainly in two major stages(1) PROGRADE and (2) retrograde. During PROGRADE stage, the emplacement of intrusive body caused isochemical metamorphism of the wall rocks and developed marble and hornfels units in enclosing rocks. Crystallization of intrusive body led to evolvement of hydrothermal fluid phase which infiltrated into enclosing rocks. Reaction of these fluids with the early-formed metamorphosed wall rocks brought about extensive progressive metasomatic ALTERATION characterized by the formation of anhydrous calc-silicate minerals such as garnets and pyroxenes at a temperature range of 420-550oC and ¦O2=10-22-10-25. Retrograde stage was accompanied by some physicochemical changes (decrease in temperature to<420oC and increase in ¦S2) which caused the ALTERATION of pre-existing anhydrous calc-silicates to hydrous calcsilicates (epidote, and tremolite-actinolite), silicates (quartz, chlorites, and other clay minerals), oxides (magnetite and hematite), sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite), and carbonate (calcite).Comparison of Kamtal skarn with some other ones of corresponding type from Iran and other countries shows that Kamtal skarn well resembles to Anjerd and Pahnavar skarns in East-Azarbaijan.

The Alvand batholith is intruded into the Jurassic argillaceous and carbonate rocks and has caused contact metamorphism. The calc-silicate hornfelses and varieties of pelitic and mafic hornfelses are produced in this regard. Based on the modal percentage, the calc-silicate rocks of the area can be divided into different groups. The present study shows that the calc-silicate hornfelses of the Hamadan area are metamorphosed during two metamorphic phases, the PROGRADE and the retrograde events. The PROGRADE metamorphism formed anhydrous minerals such as pyroxene, garnet and vesuvianite. Following this phase, by reduction of temperature the retrograde metamorphism occurred and tremolite-actinolite, zoisite, epidote and to some extent hematite were formed. The rocks resulted from this metamorphism are epidote calc-silicate, epidote-tremolite-actinolite calcsilicate, zoisite calc-silicate and . Retrograde metamorphism caused ALTERATION along the grain boundaries and along the cleavage plane of the minerals (especially garnet). Furthermore, some textures, such as symplectite texture, were developed in the rocks, which is in accordance with decreasing temperature.

The process of ALTERATION, in the manuscripts of famous literary works, is a type of creative reading creating multiple and different versions of a single literary text during the time. From this perspective, the editor or the scribe like reader who is not merely the recipient of the finalized meaning but he is an active agent in building the meaning and even reconstruction of the form (language and vocabulary). However, in the view of the scribes, any change in the original text is indecent. These changes, for many reasons, are the essence of literary reading and in some cases, it is a genetic and interactive process. This research can be review the alternations of the literary texts from a rhetorical view point and based on the readerchr('39')s reception methodology. For this reason, due to the duplications that are likely to change in them, has been made a rhetorical comparison between the original text and the changes. Attempt to reconstruct the authorchr('39')s intention with corrector, text interaction with the taste of society or person (fusion of horizons), opened or closed text and the desire to develop and complete linguistic and semantic gaps are the most important factors effecting in these changes. The most important aspects of these changes and alternation are creating phonetic and musical symmetries, adorn it to the rhetorical figure, more proportion between vocabulary, the pervasive of meaning of poetry, update of text based on desire and language of the period and escape it from obsolete. Hence, the modified text has gained more popularity and rhetorically than the original text.

Background: Liver enzyme ALTERATION may be an incidental finding in asymptomatic individuals who have undergone routine laboratory tests. Isolated ALTERATION of liver enzymes in a healthy individual often represent a challenge even for experienced clinicians. In this article we decide to provide a guide to interpreting ALTERATIONs to liver enzyme levels.Liver enzyme ALTERATIONs are classified to predominantly hepatocellular or predominantly cholestatic patterns. We review abnormal enzymatic activity within the 2 subgroups, and suggested initial investigations.

In this research, a support vector machine (SVM) as a supervised classification method has been used to explore the relationship between the geochemical anomaly and the surface ALTERATIONs quantitatively in the Tanurcheh mineralization area. The Tanurcheh area has been located in the Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. This area has been considered as a high potential region for Cu and Au mineralization. The different mineralization processes of Au and Cu have unclearly been intertwined in this area and have created extreme surface ALTERATIONs. Determination of the major origin of mineralization that has created strong ALTERATIONs in this area is an important issue that can be addressed using a new proposed scenario. The relationship between the geochemical distribution map and the ALTERATION zone was mathematically calculated using the proposed approach and then the geochemical anomaly map was predicted based on the ALTERATION zones as an innovative achievement. In this paper, the Au and Cu geochemical data were divided into three classes, namely background, regional anomaly, and local anomaly using the probability plot method. Two threshold values for Cu (70 and 300 PPM) and Au (0. 13 and 0. 4 PPM) were obtained by the probability plot method. Then the SVM was utilized to classify the geochemical samples using the ASTER images based on these obtained thresholds. The ASTER 14-band images were used as features in this classification. Using this novel scenario, the relationships between the Au and Cu mineralization processes with the intensity of ALTERATIONs were determined and therefore the origin of these ALTERATION zones was clarified. The SVM classification indices of correct classification rate (CCR) and confusion matrix demonstrate the main origin of ALTERATIONs is related to the Cu mineralization process in this area. The CCR indices obtained based on the Au and Cu thresholds are 0. 66 and 0. 85 respectively. It demonstrates the intensity of ALTERATIONs has more been affected by the Cu mineralization process and there is a relatively good relationship between the ALTERATION zone and the Cu geochemical distribution map. Finally, the geochemical anomaly and background maps were properly predicted using the SVM and the ASTER bands. This paper shows the new application of SVM as a powerful tool for the interpretation of geochemical anomalies and the intensity of ALTERATION.

The study area is located in 25 km SE of Ahar and 40 km NW of Meshkin-Shahr around Naqadouz village. Hydrothermal ALTERATION has resulted in the developing of Argillic, Argillic-Silicic, Silicic and propilitic zones in this area. Based on petrographic studies, the altered rocks are basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and lithic tuff in composition, with porphyry, glomeroporphyry, hyalomicrolithic and microlithic porphyric textures. The XRD analysis of altered samples show cristobalite, natrilite, kaolinite, quartz, albite, sanidine and orthoclase as the main minerals. Geochemical studies indicate that the ALTERATION fluid has hydrothermal source and supergene processes are more important than hypogene processes. In this study, we use the immobile element method to calculate mass-changes and trace elements transmission amount during hydrothermal ALTERATION. The Eu/Eu* ratio is higher in altered samples than relatively unaltered samples and the ratio of Ce/Ce* is more than 1for the relatively unaltered and most altered samples. The ratio of (La/Yb) n indicated that the depletion of HREE in altered samples is more than LREE, and LREE enrichment can increase this ratio. The lower ratio of (Tb/Yb) n in altered than unaltered samples indicate less depletion of HREE relative to MREE. Considering the distribution pattern of REE’s in ALTERATION zones, it seems that the behavior of elements are controlled by pH, T & P changes, Eh, preferred absorption by clayey and iron oxide minerals and ligands frequency including SO2-4, PO4+3, CI-, F-, CO2-3.

Text editing, in whatever manner it may be, is based on the manuscript or manuscripts, and the editor's departure from the basic recorded manuscripts is only permissible and acceptable when the editor's choice corrects a clear error in the text, is confirmed by evidence from the text, and is consistent with the language and subject matter of the text. However, sometimes reliance on consistent recordings of manuscripts, the deception of incorrect recordings, and consequently the acceptance of distorted and altered forms have led to the researcher's precise view and point of understanding deviating from the original, resulting in a phrase or verse with the same erroneous form being inserted into the text. In this article, the author provides several examples of errors that have occurred due to tampering and ALTERATION in manuscripts and have been overlooked by the editors; examples from "Kalīla wa-Dimna," the "Divan of Ẓahīr Fāriyābī," Kulliyāt (Complete Works) of Sa'dī," and "Tārīkh-e Jahāngushā" by Juveinī.